“I have seen war. I have seen war on land and sea.”
Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
With Memorial Day upon us,
it seems fitting to turn our attention to the oral histories of our veterans
who, through their stories, preserve for us first-hand accounts of what it was
like to have been there, to have seen war.
Today there are numerous
archives intent on preserving the stories of those who have been there, none
more diligently than the Veterans History Project (VHP) of the American
Folklife Center. Their stated mission is to ensure that “future generations may
hear directly from veterans and better understand the realities of war.”
Signed into law in 2000, the
VHP, through its volunteers, has been gathering first-hand accounts of U.S.
veterans from WWI to the Afghanistan and Iraq conflicts. These accounts and
oral histories also include the stories of U.S. citizen civilians who actively
supported these various war efforts as war industry workers, USO workers,
flight instructors, medical personnel, and others.
One of our Greenwich Oral
History Project volunteers, Janet Klion, has been conducting interviews for the
Veterans History Project for many years, her first appearing in their database
over ten years ago.
Since Ms. Klion has
interviewed veterans who are Greenwich residents, her VHP interviews are
included in the Greenwich Oral History Project collection as well. Her World
War II interviews are with veterans, many in their nineties when she sat down
with them, who, for the most part, tell their stories as though each detail had
been permanently seared into their memories. Some narrators, though, struggle
to remember events occurring so many years ago. Each interview, in fact,
provides a first-hand account of what it was like to take on a soldier’s
responsibility when so young, perhaps as young as eighteen or nineteen years of
age.
Here are highlights from
some of Ms. Klion’s interviews of the veterans of World War II, who are now or
once were Greenwich residents.
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| Stuart Coan |
Ms. Klion’s most
recent veteran’s interview, conducted on November 1, 2013 is of Stuart F. G. Coan, born in Kashmir, August
1, 1923, while his family was on a
summer vacation to escape the heat of Lahore, where his father was with the
International YMCA, in charge of a major office there. The family remained in
India unti1931 before returning to the states and settling in Princeton, New
Jersey, where Mr. Coan’s father was head of the English Speaking Union. After
graduating from high school, Stu Coan was admitted to Williams College.
In his second year there, he enlisted in
the Army Air Corps Pilot
Training Program and entered into service early in 1943. But his stay was to be
brief. He “washed out” because of poor night depth perception. This was
followed by other brief stints, one in an army program for radio
operators and another in the Army Specialized Training Program. His field was
to be French language interpreter because of his coursework in high school and
college. But this program lasted only a few months as well, having been “given
pretty largely an axe” In late summer of 1944.
Things
were then to take a dramatic turn, when he landed, literally, in the ground
forces, where after training in Louisiana, he became a member of the reconnaissance part of the Eighth Armored division. “Well, as you
can guess, the reconnaissance was the first tip of the unit. We were out in front to find out where
the ‘enemy’ was and then try and find a way either around it or let the heavier
stuff following behind us deal with this obstruction,” Mr. Coan notes.
In the
autumn of 1944, the 8th Armored Division was sent to England to receive final
instructions and training before departing for mainland Europe.
What
happened next was momentous. In December, 1944, at the time of the German
breakthrough at the Bulge, Mr. Coan’s division was rushed to France, without
winter gear. “There was no place to accommodate us, so we were told to bed
down,” says Mr. Coan. Bedding down meant rolling out a sleeping bag on the
ground in the snow, trying to kick it away.
After
patrolling in small groups along the front, the division was sent to the
northern edge of the American army where the reconnaissance division relieved
the troops, staying a few weeks before crossing the Rhine in the spring of
1945. “There were many parachutists, American and British, involved with the
crossing of the Rhine,” says Mr. Coan. There was heavy fighting beyond the
Rhine, and his division was involved in fighting in the Ruhr, a major military
area because of heavy manufacturing there. “The fighting was brutal. We had
heavy losses,” adds Mr. Coan. But this was a turning point, with many thousands
of Germans captured. “At this point it was clear to the German citizenry that
the war was getting near the end and that Germany was definitely going to lose.
We encountered pathetic clusters of men, well over normal military age....They
were poorly trained. They were scared.” And according to Mr. Coan, they were
glad “to surrender at the drop of a hat, or the waving of a handkerchief.”
Later
stationed near Pilsen, his unit was charged with welcoming General Patton. Sent
out to the airfield to greet the general, the unit created “sort of a U” so
that his plane could pull up into the open end. “Well, to see him descend from
the airplane, the spit and polish with pistols on both hips as he reviewed our
unit, this was quite dramatic. He loved showmanship...Then we escorted him back
into the city at sixty miles an hour.”
With
the war winding down, Mr. Coan had several more postings, this time in France,
before the war was over and he was able to return to the states, demobilizing
at Fort Dix, New Jersey.
Mr. Coan completed his education at Williams
and then earned a master's
degree at the School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C.,
going on to work at the State Department in intelligence research. He and
his wife later settled in Greenwich with their growing family where Mr. Coan
later became a fulltime fund-raiser for the NAACP.
Stuart F. G. Coan died January 19, 2015.
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| Charles Standard in uniform with friends |
Ms. Klion interviewed Charles (Chuck) Standard on March 1, 2013. Born July 26, 1919, Mr.
Standard achieved the rank of lieutenant commander in the Navy—and his story
begins with how he got there. Drafted into the Army between his junior and
senior year, he was dismayed because his goal was to be a Navy pilot and “to
fly off a carrier,” as he recalls it. He went to the president of the
university to see what could be done. After some bargaining, he convinced the
president to go to the draft board on his behalf to let him take his
preliminary flight training at Purdue Airport, graduate, and then enter the
service. Soon after graduation, he was in uniform as a Naval cadet and went on
to learn to fly an SB2C in the war.
Soon
aboard the USS Yorktown in Bombing
Squadron, Air Group 1 as a pilot, he was flying off a carrier, as he had always
envisioned, hitting targets in Guam, Saipan, Iwo Jima and Chichijima Island.
But war dreams come with risks.
Mr. Standard remembers a
particularly risky mission in 1944 when he took fire from the Japanese, an
event that knocked out his hydraulic system so he could not close his bomb bay
doors, lock his guns, or put down his landing flaps, all of which made a
carrier landing impossible. He had to continue making runs to use up his
ammunition before attempting a landing that might set off any remaining bombs.
Once the ammunition was cleared, he had to land, as he tells it, “not knowing
that my wheels would lock down.” He shook the plane to see if he could lock
them, while having no landing flaps, with bomb bay doors open, and with no
brakes. During landing, he says, “I caught the cable, and the guys came up and
held the plane so I wouldn’t go back off to the stern.”
This occurred shortly after
the only other incident that left Mr. Standard “scared,” an understatement for
a mission in which he was lost and running out of fuel in the dark. Returning
from a bombing run on the Japanese fleet near Guam, Mr. Standard knew that even
with a compass, a dead reckoning for landing would be difficult. Flying on
instruments, he eventually saw flares and heard from the radio. “Bobbing on
empty,” he focused on one light, made a tight turn, “got a cut” (signal to cut
the engine), and landed, miraculously, safely. The only problem? He was not on
his carrier. He had landed on the USS Cabot,
a small carrier, with no room for his plane, which had to be thrown overboard.
After a week, he was returned to the Yorktown.
Mr. Standard was awarded the
Navy Cross for valor but has remained humble about the recognition, preferring
to focus on his good fortune, his successful career in advertising, his family,
and his many years in Riverside before moving to Edgehill, which he describes
as being very like a cruise ship.
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| Michael Weir, USMC |
Michael B. Weir was born on February 23, 1925, and was interviewed on October 6, 2010.
Mr. Weir’s father was in the Navy during World War I, but Mr. Weir himself had
no childhood ambitions to follow in his footsteps. He, instead, attended Yale
with no thoughts of war—until Pearl Harbor. According to Mr. Weir, the military
“took over most of the campus,” the Army taking one part, the Navy taking the
other. Mr. Weir ultimately joined the college Officer Training Program, his
branch of service, the United States Marine Corps.
After training, in the
spring of 1944, he was sent to boot camp at Parris Island, South Carolina, a
strenuous experience, and “not child’s play,” as Mr. Weir describes it. After
ninety days and more advanced infantry training at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina,
and after receiving awards in marksmanship, Mr. Weir went to Officer Candidate
School at Quantico, Virginia. Mr. Weir was deployed to Iwo Jima as a
replacement in March 1945. From there it was on to Hawaii where the 5th
Marine Division, to which he had been assigned, had its base camp. Soon after,
the atom bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and then on Nagasaki, at which point the
emperor of Japan surrendered, and combat ended.
But the war was not over for
Mr. Weir who was then sent to Japan as part of the occupation force, working to
secure whatever military equipment was cached over the Japanese islands. During
this time, Second Lieutenant Michael Weir flew missions to search out Japanese
airfields and military installations and lived outside Sasebo, Japan in what
had been a Japanese naval base. During this time, Mr. Weir became friendly with
several Japanese families, as unlikely as that seemed at the time, given all
that had transpired. Mr. Weir was in Japan from September of 1945 to the spring
of 1946.
After leaving, Mr. Weir was
flown back to Hawaii to participate in the newly reinstituted Marine Corps
rifle matches where he won the gold. When finally returned to the states, Mr.
Weir returned to Yale, and went on to earn his law degree from Penn Law School.
Reflecting on his experience during World War II, he comments that he was only
nineteen when he was made a second lieutenant, noting that given his age and
having been on the frontlines late in the war, he was spared the worst that so
many others endured.
But his military career was
not yet over.
Soon after passing the bar,
he was mobilized in July of 1950, this time landing in Korea, the initial
Inchon landing in September of 1950. The mission was to land at Inchon, capture
Seoul, and take it from the North Koreans. That mission was accomplished, but
then Mr. Weir was to take part in General MacArthur’s plan to invade North
Korea. American troops pushed the North Korean army up to the border of
Manchuria. But by the time the troops reached the Chosin Reservoirs, the
Chinese had entered the war, exposing MacArthur’s underestimation of the
difficulties to be encountered and the seriousness of the Chinese invasion. Mr.
Weir would go on to receive the Purple Heart after being wounded during the withdrawal
from the Chosin Reservoirs, an operation that took weeks and cost many lives.
Returning home, Michael Weir
practiced law until his retirement as a partner with Chadbourne & Parke. He
built a home in Greenwich where he lived with his first wife and family until her
death, later remarrying and remaining in Greenwich until his own death.
Michael Weir died March 20,
2015.
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| Lee L. Davenport |
Lee L. Davenport, born December 31, 1915, in Schenectady, NY was interviewed by Ms. Klion
in December of 2008. Mr. Davenport is best known for his pioneering work in the
development of radar, work begun as part of a secret mission at MIT where he
arrived in 1941 as a research fellow at the secret Radiation Laboratory
developing an antiaircraft system. While never enlisted as a soldier or
officer, he would later be able to cut red tape as necessary to work in combat zones.
He once carried papers that identified him as a captain in the Signal Corps in case of
capture by the enemy.
After
being summoned to MIT in a fashion reminiscent of a good spy novel, he was
assigned to a project to make a radar system that, in his words, “could
operate in all weather, pick out airplanes—a single airplane—and follow it automatically so that it would be
accurately possible to aim an anti-aircraft gun at the plane and shoot it down.”
His role in that project “was to get this thing built.” Undaunted,
he set about doing exactly that, his efforts since credited with helping to end
the war. The result of the project would forever after be known as SRC-584
(Signal Corp Radio, #584).
By
1943, the SRC-584 would be ready for action in Italy, at the Anzio beachhead.
Two of the 584-directed gun batteries shot down nine German planes. According
to Mr. Davenport, the Germans stopped bombing immediately. “They had taken
losses that they couldn’t understand.”
According
to the official history of the Radiation Lab, says Mr. Davenport in his
interview, about a thousand German aircraft downed by anti-aircraft fire were
directed by SCR 584 radars. On the basis of his work at MIT, the University of
Pittsburgh, where he had begun his graduate studies, awarded him a PhD—on a
project what was secret for twenty-five years after World War II ended.
These interviews and others pertaining to the VHP in the Greenwich Oral History Project collection are available through
the Greenwich OHP office located on the lower level of the
Greenwich library or in the reference area on the first floor.
To see Janet Klion's interviews for the Veterans History Project, go to: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/search?query=klion&field=all
